Saturday, March 27, 2010

Healthcare Spending 2007



Wednesday, March 24, 2010

Open Licensing Comparison


Many developers and designers want to release their work into the world as open-source projects. They want others to be able to build on and share their code. The open-source community is vibrant because of this. Open-source software is available for virtually any application you could think of. Most designers use open-source software or code on a regular basis (WordPress, Drupal and many other CMS' are open source).


Opensourceubuntu in A Short Guide To Open-Source And Similar Licenses

But many developers and designers don't have a clear picture of what the different open-source licenses really mean. What rights are they relinquishing when they choose an open-source license? Without knowing exactly what the licenses mean and how they're best applied, developers can't make informed decisions about which is best for their work.


What Is Licensing?

A lot of confusion is out there about what exactly licensing means. When you license your work, you're not giving away any of your rights. You still hold the original copyright (or patent if you have one) on that work. What a license does is grant specific permissions for others to use that work.

Licensing is a great alternative to just releasing your work into the public domain or granting permissions on a case-by-case basis. By releasing into the public domain, you relinquish any copyright, and no one is obligated to list you as the original author or contributor. In the latter case, you may end up spending more time dealing with individual permissions than designing or developing.

Open-source licenses make it easy for others to contribute to a project without having to seek special permission. It also protects you as the original creator, making sure you at least get some credit for your contributions. It also helps to prevent others from claiming your work as their own.

GNU General Public License

The GNU General Public Licence (GPL) is probably one of the most commonly used licenses for open-source projects. The GPL grants and guarantees a wide range of rights to developers who work on open-source projects. Basically, it allows users to legally copy, distribute and modify software. This means you can:

  • Copy the software.
    Copy it onto your own servers, your client's servers, your own computer, pretty much anywhere you want. There's no limit to the number of copies you can make.
  • Distribute the software however you want.
    Provide a download link on your website. Put the software on a bunch of thumb drives and give them away. Print out the source code and throw it from the rooftops (please don't, though, because that would waste a lot of paper and make a mess).
  • Charge a fee to distribute the software.
    If you want to charge someone to provide the software, set it up on their website or do anything else related to it, you can do so. But, you must give them a copy of the GNU GPL, which basically tells them that they could probably get the software elsewhere for free. Best to be up front about that, and about why you're charging them.
  • Make whatever modifications to the software you want.
    If you want to add or remove functionality, go ahead. If you want to use a portion of the code in another project, you can. The only catch is that the other project must also be released under the GPL.

Please note that it is very important to see source and binaries distribution as two very different things. Also, there are issues and restrictions with some licenses when used with applications released under "each other". You can dive into more details in the detailed article Practical Guide to GPL Compliance (via @PierreJoye). To use the GPL, you have to include certain information in the software's code, along with a copy of the license.

GNU Lesser General Public License

You should be aware of another GNU license: the Lesser General Public Licence (LGPL). It grants fewer rights to a work than the standard GPL. Generally, the LGPL is appropriate for libraries that want to allow linking from non-GPL and non-open-source software. Because the GPL requires that other software with parts of licensed code to also be licensed under the GPL, developers cannot use GPL-licensed code for paid and proprietary software. The LGPL negates this by not requiring other projects with parts of the code to be similarly licensed.

BSD License

BSD licenses represent a family of permissive free software licenses that have fewer restrictions on distribution compared to other free software licenses such as the GNU General Public License. Among different versions of the license two versons are particularly important: the New BSD License/Modified BSD License, and the Simplified BSD License/FreeBSD License. Both have been verified as GPL-compatible free software licenses, and have been accepted as open source licenses by the Open Source Initiative.

The New BSD License ("3-clause license") allows unlimited redistribution for any purpose as long as its copyright notices and the license's disclaimers of warranty are maintained. The license also contains a clause restricting use of the names of contributors for endorsement of a derived work without specific permission. The primary difference between the New BSD License and the Simplified BSD license is that the latter omits the non-endorsement clause.

MIT License

The MIT License is the shortest and probably broadest of all the popular open-source licenses. Its terms are very loose and more permissive than most other licenses. The basic provision of the license (minus the information that it is provided without warranty, which comprises the final paragraph) is as follows:

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

What this means is that:

  • You can use, copy and modify the software however you want. No one can prevent you from using it on any project, from copying it however many times you want and in whatever format you like, or from changing it however you want.
  • You can give the software away for free or sell it. You have no restrictions on how to distribute it.
  • The only restriction is that it be accompanied by the license agreement.

The MIT License is the least restrictive license out there. It basically says that anyone can do whatever they want with the licensed material, as long as it's accompanied by the license.

Apache License

The Apache License, Version 2.0, grants a number of rights to users. These rights can be applied to both copyrights and patents. Because some licenses can be applied only to copyrights and not patents, this flexibility would be an obvious factor in a patent developer's choice of license (read this article on How Stuff Works for an explanation of the difference).

Here are some more details on what the Apache License allows:

  • Rights are perpetual.
    Once they've been granted, you can continue to use them forever.
  • Rights are worldwide.
    If the rights are granted in one country, then they're granted in all countries. For example, if you're in the US and the original license was granted in India, you're not prevented from using the code under the license.
  • Rights are granted for no fee or royalty.
    Not only will you not be charged any kind of up-front usage fee, but you will not be charged fees on a per-usage or any other basis either.
  • Rights are non-exclusive.
    You can use the licensed work, and so can anyone else.
  • Rights are irrevocable.
    No one can take these rights away once they're granted. In other words, you don't need to worry that down the road, when you've created some awesome derivative of the licensed code, someone will swoop in and say, "Sorry, you can't use this code anymore." (A clause in the license states that if you sue someone over patent infringement on anything under this license, then your license is terminated, but that only applies to patented work, and as long as you don't sue anyone over the work, you won't have to worry about it.)

Redistributing code also has special requirements, mostly pertaining to giving proper credit to those who have worked on the code and to maintaining the same license.

Creative Commons

Creative Commons (CC) licenses aren't quite open-source licenses, but they are commonly used for design projects. A wide variety of CC licenses is available, each granting certain rights. A CC license has four basic parts, which can be enacted individually or in combination. Here's an overview of the parts:

  • Attribution
    The author must be attributed as the creator of the work. Beyond that, the work can be modified, distributed, copied and otherwise used.
  • Share Alike
    The work can be modified, distributed and so forth, but only under the same CC license.
  • Non-Commercial
    The work can be modified, distributed and so on, but not for commercial purposes. The language about what constitutes "commercial" is a bit vague (no express definition is provided), so you may want to clarify this in your own projects. For example, some might interpret "non-commercial" as simply meaning that you can't sell the work. Others might take it to mean that you can't even put the work on a website that has advertising. Still others might consider something is "commercial" only if it makes a profit.
  • No Derivative Works
    This means you can copy and distribute the licensed work, but you can't modify it in any way or create work based on the original.

As mentioned, these parts of the CC license terms can be combined. The most restrictive license would be the "Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivatives" license, which means that you can freely share the work, but not change it or charge for it, and you must attribute it to the creator. This is a good license to get your work out there but still maintain more or less complete control over how it is used. The least restrictive would be the "Attribution" license, which means that as long as people credit you, they can do whatever they like with the work.

CC licenses are used more for design work than development, but nothing bars you from using it for the latter. Just be aware of exactly what is and is not covered under each part.

Further Resources

Tuesday, March 23, 2010

An Absence of Class


 clipped from www.nytimes.com
New York Times

An Absence of Class


Published: March 22, 2010

Some of the images from the run-up to Sunday's landmark health care vote in the House of Representatives should be seared into the nation's consciousness. We are so far, in so many ways, from being a class act.

Readers' Comments

Readers shared their thoughts on this article.

A group of lowlifes at a Tea Party rally in Columbus, Ohio, last week taunted and humiliated a man who was sitting on the ground with a sign that said he had Parkinson's disease. The disgusting behavior was captured on a widely circulated videotape. One of the Tea Party protesters leaned over the man and sneered: "If you're looking for a handout, you're in the wrong end of town."

Another threw money at the man, first one bill and then another, and said contemptuously, "I'll pay for this guy. Here you go. Start a pot."

In Washington on Saturday, opponents of the health care legislation spit on a black congressman and shouted racial slurs at two others, including John Lewis, one of the great heroes of the civil rights movement. Barney Frank, a Massachusetts Democrat who is chairman of the House Financial Services Committee, was taunted because he is gay.

At some point, we have to decide as a country that we just can't have this: We can't allow ourselves to remain silent as foaming-at-the-mouth protesters scream the vilest of epithets at members of Congress — epithets that The Times will not allow me to repeat here.

It is 2010, which means it is way past time for decent Americans to rise up against this kind of garbage, to fight it aggressively wherever it appears. And it is time for every American of good will to hold the Republican Party accountable for its role in tolerating, shielding and encouraging foul, mean-spirited and bigoted behavior in its ranks and among its strongest supporters.

For decades the G.O.P. has been the party of fear, ignorance and divisiveness. All you have to do is look around to see what it has done to the country. The greatest economic inequality since the Gilded Age was followed by a near-total collapse of the overall economy. As a country, we have a monumental mess on our hands and still the Republicans have nothing to offer in the way of a remedy except more tax cuts for the rich.

This is the party of trickle down and weapons of mass destruction, the party of birthers and death-panel lunatics. This is the party that genuflects at the altar of right-wing talk radio, with its insane, nauseating, nonstop commitment to hatred and bigotry.

Glenn Beck of Fox News has called President Obama a "racist" and asserted that he "has exposed himself as a guy, over and over and over again, who has a deep-seated hatred for white people or the white culture."

Mike Huckabee, a former Republican presidential candidate, has said of Mr. Obama's economic policies: "Lenin and Stalin would love this stuff."

The G.O.P. poisons the political atmosphere and then has the gall to complain about an absence of bipartisanship.

The toxic clouds that are the inevitable result of the fear and the bitter conflicts so relentlessly stoked by the Republican Party — think blacks against whites, gays versus straights, and a whole range of folks against immigrants — tend to obscure the tremendous damage that the party's policies have inflicted on the country. If people are arguing over immigrants or abortion or whether gays should be allowed to marry, they're not calling the G.O.P. to account for (to take just one example) the horribly destructive policy of cutting taxes while the nation was fighting two wars.

If you're all fired up about Republican-inspired tales of Democrats planning to send grandma to some death chamber, you'll never get to the G.O.P.'s war against the right of ordinary workers to organize and negotiate in their own best interests — a war that has diminished living standards for working people for decades.

With a freer hand, the Republicans would have done more damage. George W. Bush tried to undermine Social Security. John McCain was willing to put Sarah Palin a heartbeat away from the Oval Office and thought Phil Gramm would have made a crackerjack Treasury secretary. (For those who may not remember, Mr. Gramm was a deregulation zealot who told us during the presidential campaign that we were suffering from a "mental recession.")

A party that promotes ignorance ("Just say no to global warming") and provides a safe house for bigotry cannot serve the best interests of our country. Back in the 1960s, John Lewis risked his life and endured savage beatings to secure fundamental rights for black Americans while right-wing Republicans like Barry Goldwater and Ronald Reagan were lining up with segregationist Democrats to oppose landmark civil rights legislation.

Since then, the right-wingers have taken over the G.O.P. and Mr. Lewis, now a congressman, must still endure the garbage they have wrought.



Saturday, March 20, 2010

60 Sites for Photoshop Tutorials


1) Psd.Tutsplus.com

2) good-tutorials.com

3) tutorial9.net

4) psdlearning.com

5) psdfan.com

6) luxa.org

7) pshero.com

8 ) pixel2life.com

9) abduzeedo.com

10) loreleiwebdesign.com

11) mickm

12) photoshoptutorials.ws

13) photoshop-garden.com

14) psfreak.com

15) biorust.com

16) tutorialdash.com

17) freephotoshop.ca

18) photoshoplady.com

19) grafpedia.com

20) 10steps.ag

21) tutorialoutpost.com

22) planetphotoshop.com

23) photoshopstar.com

24) talk-mania.com

25) photoshopessentials.com

26) tutorialized.com

27) tutorialspalace.com

28) photoshopcandy.com

29) pslover.com

30) pxleyes.com

31) photoshoproadmap.com

32) photoshopcontest.com

33) psdtop.com

34) howcast.com

35) absolutecross.com

36) adobetutorialz.com

37) eyesontutorials.com

38) crestock.com

39) developertutorials.com

40) devisefunction.com

41) gomediazine.com

42) psdvibe.com

43) hv-designs.co.uk

44) blog.spoongraphics.co.uk

45) bittbox.com

46) digitalartsonline.com

47) toxiclab.com

48) photoshopsupport.com

49) circlebloxblog.com

50) smashingmagazine.com

51) computerarts.co.uk

52) outlawdesignblog.com

53) dawghousedesignstudio.com

54) tutorialkit.com

55) sketchpad.net

56) tutcandy.com

57) tutorialdog.com

58) fudgegraphics.com

59) vandelaydesign.com

60) naldzgraphics.net

Get Clipmarks - The easiest way to email text, images and videos you find on the web.
Sent with Clipmarks